Plural Marriage and Church Leaders' Underage Wives - Revision history

SpencerMarsh at 17:13, 12 March 2026

2026-03-12T17:13:01Z

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	<small>[[Plural marriage\|Plural Marriage]] > <span style="color:#7BB375"> ~~Plural Marriage and~~ Church Leaders' Underage Wives</small>		<small>[[Plural marriage\|Plural Marriage]] \| <span style="color:#7BB375">Church Leaders' Underage Wives</small>
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SpencerMarsh at 16:40, 2 March 2026

2026-03-02T16:40:03Z

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	<small>[[~~Polygamy Sandbox~~]] > <span style="color:#7BB375"> Plural Marriage and Church Leaders' Underage Wives</small>		<small>[[Plural marriage\|Plural Marriage]] > <span style="color:#7BB375"> Plural Marriage and Church Leaders' Underage Wives</small>
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SpencerMarsh at 15:47, 26 February 2026

2026-02-26T15:47:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 26 February 2026
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	<center> Table 12-1: Ages of Joseph's Wives <ref>Despite debates about whether all these wives should be included, I have simply used the data from {{Sacredloneliness\|start=4\|end=7}} If a marriage date is uncertain, I have used the earliest possible age.</ref></center>		<center> Table 12-1: Ages of Joseph's Wives <ref>Despite debates about whether all these wives should be included, I have simply used the data from {{Sacredloneliness\|start=4\|end=7}} If a marriage date is uncertain, I have used the earliest possible age.</ref></center>
			<wt>
	{\| valign="top" border="1" style="width:100%"		{\| valign="top" border="1" style="width:100%"
	!Age range!!Percent (n=33)		!Age range!!Percent (n=33)
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	\| 50-59\|\| 12.1%		\| 50-59\|\| 12.1%
	\|}		\|}
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	=====2. Were there marital relations?=====		=====2. Were there marital relations?=====
	As shown elsewhere, the data for sexual relations in Joseph's plural marriages are quite scant (see Chapter 10—not online). For the purposes of evaluating "statutory rape" charges, only a few relationships are relevant.		As shown elsewhere, the data for sexual relations in Joseph's plural marriages are quite scant (see Chapter 10—not online). For the purposes of evaluating "statutory rape" charges, only a few relationships are relevant.
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	<center>Table 12-2—Life Expectancy in the United States</center>		<center>Table 12-2—Life Expectancy in the United States</center>
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	{\| valign="top" border="1" style="width:100%"		{\| valign="top" border="1" style="width:100%"
	!Group!!Life Expect in 1850 (years) <ref>These data are from Massachusetts only; U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, on-line at < http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0005140.html> (accessed 10 December 2007).</ref>!!Life Expect in 1901 (years) <ref>James W. Glover, United States Life Tables: 1890, 1901, 1910, and 1901–1910 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1921), 56, 60, tables 3, 5; on-line at <http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/lifetables/life1890-1910.pdf > (accessed 10 December 2007).</ref>!! Life Expect in 2004 (years) <ref>U.S. Center for Disease Control, National Vital Statistics Reports 55/19 (21 August 2007): 25–26, tables 7–8, < http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_19.pdf> (accessed 10 December 2007). The figures used are for whites.</ref>		!Group!!Life Expect in 1850 (years) <ref>These data are from Massachusetts only; U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, on-line at < http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0005140.html> (accessed 10 December 2007).</ref>!!Life Expect in 1901 (years) <ref>James W. Glover, United States Life Tables: 1890, 1901, 1910, and 1901–1910 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1921), 56, 60, tables 3, 5; on-line at <http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/lifetables/life1890-1910.pdf > (accessed 10 December 2007).</ref>!! Life Expect in 2004 (years) <ref>U.S. Center for Disease Control, National Vital Statistics Reports 55/19 (21 August 2007): 25–26, tables 7–8, < http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr55/nvsr55_19.pdf> (accessed 10 December 2007). The figures used are for whites.</ref>
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	\| Females at age 20\|\|60.2\|\|63.6\|\|81.5		\| Females at age 20\|\|60.2\|\|63.6\|\|81.5
	\|}		\|}
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	The modern era has also seen the "extension" of childhood, as many more years are spent in schooling and preparation for adult work. In the 1840s, these issues simply weren't in play for women—men needed to be able to provide for their future family, and often had the duties of apprenticeship which prevented early marriage. Virtually everything a woman needed to know about housekeeping and childrearing, however, was taught in the home. It is not surprising, then, that parents in the 1840s considered their teens capable of functioning as married adults, while parents in 2007 know that marriages for young teens will usually founder on issues of immaturity, under-employment, and lack of education.		The modern era has also seen the "extension" of childhood, as many more years are spent in schooling and preparation for adult work. In the 1840s, these issues simply weren't in play for women—men needed to be able to provide for their future family, and often had the duties of apprenticeship which prevented early marriage. Virtually everything a woman needed to know about housekeeping and childrearing, however, was taught in the home. It is not surprising, then, that parents in the 1840s considered their teens capable of functioning as married adults, while parents in 2007 know that marriages for young teens will usually founder on issues of immaturity, under-employment, and lack of education.

SpencerMarsh at 18:57, 25 February 2026

2026-02-25T18:57:29Z

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	*Joseph’s role was not completely passive because he was willing to teach Helen Mar and marry her after Heber introduced the idea. So this is a point where Joseph may be criticized. But it seems to be about the only one.		*Joseph’s role was not completely passive because he was willing to teach Helen Mar and marry her after Heber introduced the idea. So this is a point where Joseph may be criticized. But it seems to be about the only one.

	=====Brigham Young instructed polygamous men to wait to consummate their sealings to younger ~~brides~~ until they were at least eighteen=====		=====Brigham Young instructed polygamous men to wait to consummate their sealings to younger wives until they were at least eighteen=====

	*Helen’s sealing was presumably for both time and eternity, so this would eventually have become an actual marriage that included sexual relations. In Utah, Brigham Young instructed polygamous men to wait to consummate their sealings to younger ~~brides~~ until they were at least eighteen.<ref>See discussion in Eugene E. Campbell, ''Establishing Zion: The Mormon Church in the American West 1847-1869'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1988), 198n5.</ref> While it is impossible to document, it appears this policy began in Nauvoo with Joseph Smith.		*Helen’s sealing was presumably for both time and eternity, so this would eventually have become an actual marriage that included sexual relations. In Utah, Brigham Young instructed polygamous men to wait to consummate their sealings to younger wives until they were at least eighteen.<ref>See discussion in Eugene E. Campbell, ''Establishing Zion: The Mormon Church in the American West 1847-1869'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1988), 198n5.</ref> While it is impossible to document, it appears this policy began in Nauvoo with Joseph Smith.
	*Michael Marquardt surmised: "Helen Kimball’s sealing to Joseph Smith was a spiritual one unlike other wives who had sexual relations with the prophet."<ref>Michael Marquardt, ''The Rise of Mormonism: 1816–1844'' (Longwood, FL: Xulon Press, 2005), 609.</ref>		*Michael Marquardt surmised: "Helen Kimball’s sealing to Joseph Smith was a spiritual one unlike other wives who had sexual relations with the prophet."<ref>Michael Marquardt, ''The Rise of Mormonism: 1816–1844'' (Longwood, FL: Xulon Press, 2005), 609.</ref>
	*After her sealing, Helen wrote:		*After her sealing, Helen wrote:
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	In our time, legal minors can often be married before the age of consent with parental approval. Joseph certainly sought and received the approval of parents or male guardians for his marriages to Fanny Alger, Sarah Ann Whitney, Lucy Walker, and Helen Kimball. <ref>Compton, ''In Sacred Loneliness'', 31–33, 347–349, 464, 497–502.</ref> His habit of approaching male relatives on this issue might suggest that permission was gained for other marriages about which we know less.		In our time, legal minors can often be married before the age of consent with parental approval. Joseph certainly sought and received the approval of parents or male guardians for his marriages to Fanny Alger, Sarah Ann Whitney, Lucy Walker, and Helen Kimball. <ref>Compton, ''In Sacred Loneliness'', 31–33, 347–349, 464, 497–502.</ref> His habit of approaching male relatives on this issue might suggest that permission was gained for other marriages about which we know less.

	Clearly, then, Hitchens' attack is hopelessly presentist. None of Joseph's ~~brides~~ was near ten or twelve. And even if his wives' ages had presented legal risks, he often had parental sanction for the match.		Clearly, then, Hitchens' attack is hopelessly presentist. None of Joseph's wives was near ten or twelve. And even if his wives' ages had presented legal risks, he often had parental sanction for the match.

	=====4. Did Joseph violate societal norms?=====		=====4. Did Joseph violate societal norms?=====
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	[[Image:Chart 12-2.png]]		[[Image:Chart 12-2.png]]
	</center>		</center>
	When the age of husband is plotted against the age of each wife, it becomes clear that almost all ~~brides~~ younger than twenty married men between five and twenty years older (see Chart 12-3).		When the age of husband is plotted against the age of each wife, it becomes clear that almost all wives younger than twenty married men between five and twenty years older (see Chart 12-3).

	<center>Chart 12-3		<center>Chart 12-3
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	}}		}}
	{{CollapseHeaders		{{CollapseHeaders
	\| title = ===Other Church Leaders and Underage ~~Brides~~===		\| title = ===Other Church Leaders and Underage Wives===
	\| state = closed		\| state = closed
	\| content = Many Church leaders have been married to women that by today's standards would be considered underage. Brigham Young, for example, married Clarissa Caroline Decker when she was 14 years old and he was 42. What can explain the age disparity?		\| content = Many Church leaders have been married to women that by today's standards would be considered underage. Brigham Young, for example, married Clarissa Caroline Decker when she was 14 years old and he was 42. What can explain the age disparity?

	====Short Answer====		====Short Answer====
	Marriages involving teenage ~~brides~~ in the 19th century must be understood within their historical, legal, demographic, and religious context. In the United States during the 1800s, it was not uncommon—particularly in frontier regions—for young women in their mid-to-late teens to marry.<ref>Craig L. Foster, “Assessing the Criticisms of Early-Age Latter-day Saint Marriages,” ''Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship'' 33 (2019): 1–54.</ref> Early Latter-day Saint leaders participated in broader cultural patterns of their time while also engaging in plural marriage as a religious practice. Although such marriages are inconsistent with modern social norms and legal standards, they were not necessarily viewed as immoral or unlawful in their original setting.		Marriages involving teenage wives in the 19th century must be understood within their historical, legal, demographic, and religious context. In the United States during the 1800s, it was not uncommon—particularly in frontier regions—for young women in their mid-to-late teens to marry.<ref>Craig L. Foster, “Assessing the Criticisms of Early-Age Latter-day Saint Marriages,” ''Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship'' 33 (2019): 1–54.</ref> Early Latter-day Saint leaders participated in broader cultural patterns of their time while also engaging in plural marriage as a religious practice. Although such marriages are inconsistent with modern social norms and legal standards, they were not necessarily viewed as immoral or unlawful in their original setting.

	====Long Answer====		====Long Answer====
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	*A commandment requiring sacrifice and obedience.		*A commandment requiring sacrifice and obedience.

	In several cases involving very young ~~brides~~, the unions appear to have functioned as sealing relationships rather than conventional cohabiting marriages. For example, Helen Mar Kimball, sealed to Joseph Smith at age 14, later described the experience in devotional and theological terms. Historians note that evidence for conjugal relations in this particular case is lacking.<ref>Foster, “Assessing the Criticisms,” 33–40; Bushman, ''Rough Stone Rolling'', 438–441.</ref>		In several cases involving very young wives, the unions appear to have functioned as sealing relationships rather than conventional cohabiting marriages. For example, Helen Mar Kimball, sealed to Joseph Smith at age 14, later described the experience in devotional and theological terms. Historians note that evidence for conjugal relations in this particular case is lacking.<ref>Foster, “Assessing the Criticisms,” 33–40; Bushman, ''Rough Stone Rolling'', 438–441.</ref>

	=====Age Differences and Modern Legal Categories=====		=====Age Differences and Modern Legal Categories=====
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	=====Frequency Within Early Latter-day Saint Marriage Patterns=====		=====Frequency Within Early Latter-day Saint Marriage Patterns=====
	Although plural marriage included some teenage ~~brides~~, the majority of documented marriages entered into by early Church leaders were to adult women.<ref>Foster, “Assessing the Criticisms,” 41–46.</ref> Marriages involving girls younger than 16 constituted a small minority within the broader system of plural marriage.		Although plural marriage included some teenage wives, the majority of documented marriages entered into by early Church leaders were to adult women.<ref>Foster, “Assessing the Criticisms,” 41–46.</ref> Marriages involving girls younger than 16 constituted a small minority within the broader system of plural marriage.

	Responsible historical evaluation requires weighing the full body of evidence rather than isolating exceptional cases and treating them as representative.		Responsible historical evaluation requires weighing the full body of evidence rather than isolating exceptional cases and treating them as representative.

SpencerMarsh at 18:54, 25 February 2026

2026-02-25T18:54:09Z

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SpencerMarsh at 18:52, 25 February 2026

2026-02-25T18:52:29Z

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 | title = ===Other Church Leaders and Underage Brides===
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+| content = Many Church leaders have been married to women that by today's standards would be considered underage. Brigham Young, for example, married Clarissa Caroline Decker when she was 14 years old and he was 42. What can explain the age disparity?
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SpencerMarsh at 14:43, 25 February 2026

2026-02-25T14:43:08Z

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SpencerMarsh at 14:30, 25 February 2026

2026-02-25T14:30:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, 25 February 2026
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	There is some historical evidence that Joseph Smith knew as early as 1831 that plural marriage would be restored, so it is perfectly legitimate to argue that Joseph's relationship with Fanny Alger was such a case. Mosiah Hancock (a Mormon) reported a wedding ceremony; and apostate Mormons Ann Eliza Webb Young and her father Chauncery both referred to Fanny's relationship as a "sealing." Ann Eliza also reported that Fanny's family was very proud of Fanny's relationship with Joseph, which makes little sense if it was simply a tawdry affair. Those closest to them saw the marriage as exactly that—a marriage.		There is some historical evidence that Joseph Smith knew as early as 1831 that plural marriage would be restored, so it is perfectly legitimate to argue that Joseph's relationship with Fanny Alger was such a case. Mosiah Hancock (a Mormon) reported a wedding ceremony; and apostate Mormons Ann Eliza Webb Young and her father Chauncery both referred to Fanny's relationship as a "sealing." Ann Eliza also reported that Fanny's family was very proud of Fanny's relationship with Joseph, which makes little sense if it was simply a tawdry affair. Those closest to them saw the marriage as exactly that—a marriage.
	}}		}}
	====Did Joseph Smith marry Fanny Alger as his first plural wife in 1833?====		{{CollapseHeaders
			\| title = ====Did Joseph Smith marry Fanny Alger as his first plural wife in 1833?====
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	=====Joseph Smith met Fanny Alger in 1833 when she was a house-assistant to Emma=====		=====Joseph Smith met Fanny Alger in 1833 when she was a house-assistant to Emma=====

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	Samuel, the Prophet Joseph loves your daughter Fanny and wishes her for a wife. What say you?" Uncle Sam says, "Go and talk to the old woman [Fanny’s mother] about it. Twill be as she says." Father goes to his sister and said, "Clarissy, Brother Joseph the Prophet of the most high God loves Fanny and wishes her for a wife. What say you?" Said she, "Go and talk to Fanny. It will be all right with me." Father goes to Fanny and said, "Fanny, Brother Joseph the Prophet loves you and wishes you for a wife. Will you be his wife?" "I will Levi," said she. Father takes Fanny to Joseph and said, "Brother Joseph I have been successful in my mission." Father gave her to Joseph, repeating the ceremony as Joseph repeated to him.<ref>Levi Ward Hancock, "Autobiography with Additions in 1896 by Mosiah Hancock," 63, MS 570, Church History Library, punctuation and spelling standardized; cited portion written by Mosiah. Cited in Brian Hales, "Fanny Alger," josephsmithspolygamy.org. {{link\|url=http://josephsmithspolygamy.org/plural-wives-overview/fanny-alger/}}</ref>		Samuel, the Prophet Joseph loves your daughter Fanny and wishes her for a wife. What say you?" Uncle Sam says, "Go and talk to the old woman [Fanny’s mother] about it. Twill be as she says." Father goes to his sister and said, "Clarissy, Brother Joseph the Prophet of the most high God loves Fanny and wishes her for a wife. What say you?" Said she, "Go and talk to Fanny. It will be all right with me." Father goes to Fanny and said, "Fanny, Brother Joseph the Prophet loves you and wishes you for a wife. Will you be his wife?" "I will Levi," said she. Father takes Fanny to Joseph and said, "Brother Joseph I have been successful in my mission." Father gave her to Joseph, repeating the ceremony as Joseph repeated to him.<ref>Levi Ward Hancock, "Autobiography with Additions in 1896 by Mosiah Hancock," 63, MS 570, Church History Library, punctuation and spelling standardized; cited portion written by Mosiah. Cited in Brian Hales, "Fanny Alger," josephsmithspolygamy.org. {{link\|url=http://josephsmithspolygamy.org/plural-wives-overview/fanny-alger/}}</ref>
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
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	====How could Joseph and Fanny have been married in 1831 if the sealing power had not yet been restored?====		{{CollapseHeaders
			\| title = ====How could Joseph and Fanny have been married in 1831 if the sealing power had not yet been restored?====
			\| state = closed
			\| content =
	=====There is historical evidence that Joseph Smith knew as early as 1831 that plural marriage would be restored=====		=====There is historical evidence that Joseph Smith knew as early as 1831 that plural marriage would be restored=====

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	Perhaps it is worth mentioning that priesthood power already gave the ability to ratify certain ordinances as binding on heaven and earth (D&C 1:8), that the sealing power was given mention in earlier revelations such as Helaman 10:7, and that the coming of Elijah and his turning of the hearts of children and fathers was prophesied in 3 Nephi 25:5-6. This supports the view that it is unlikely that Joseph was just making up the sealing power and priesthood power extemporaneously to justify getting married to Fanny and having sexual relations with her.		Perhaps it is worth mentioning that priesthood power already gave the ability to ratify certain ordinances as binding on heaven and earth (D&C 1:8), that the sealing power was given mention in earlier revelations such as Helaman 10:7, and that the coming of Elijah and his turning of the hearts of children and fathers was prophesied in 3 Nephi 25:5-6. This supports the view that it is unlikely that Joseph was just making up the sealing power and priesthood power extemporaneously to justify getting married to Fanny and having sexual relations with her.
			}}
	====Did some of Joseph Smith's associates believe that he had an affair with Fanny Alger?====		{{CollapseHeaders
			\| title = ====Did some of Joseph Smith's associates believe that he had an affair with Fanny Alger?====
			\| state = closed
			\| content =
	=====Oliver Cowdery perceived the relationship between Joseph and Fanny as a "dirty, nasty, filthy affair"=====		=====Oliver Cowdery perceived the relationship between Joseph and Fanny as a "dirty, nasty, filthy affair"=====

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	It seems clear, then, that Joseph, Fanny's family, Levi Hancock, and even hostile witnesses saw their relationship as a marriage, albeit an unorthodox one. The witness of Chauncey Webb and Ann Eliza Webb Young make it untenable to claim that only a later Mormon whitewash turned an affair into a marriage.		It seems clear, then, that Joseph, Fanny's family, Levi Hancock, and even hostile witnesses saw their relationship as a marriage, albeit an unorthodox one. The witness of Chauncey Webb and Ann Eliza Webb Young make it untenable to claim that only a later Mormon whitewash turned an affair into a marriage.
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	====Did Emma Smith discover her husband Joseph with Fanny Alger in a barn?====		{{CollapseHeaders
			\| title = ====Did Emma Smith discover her husband Joseph with Fanny Alger in a barn?====
			\| state = closed
			\| content =
	=====William McLellin claimed to have heard a story that Fanny and Joseph were in the barn and Emma had observed them=====		=====William McLellin claimed to have heard a story that Fanny and Joseph were in the barn and Emma had observed them=====

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	Mrs. Smith had an adopted daughter, a very pretty, pleasing young girl, about seventeen years old. She was extremely fond of her; no mother could be more devoted, and their affection for each other was a constant object of remark, so absorbing and genuine did it seem. Consequently is was with a shocked surprise that people heard that sister Emma had turned Fanny out of the house in the night.<ref>Ann Eliza Webb Young, ''Wife No. 19, or The story of a Life in Bondage'', 66.</ref>		Mrs. Smith had an adopted daughter, a very pretty, pleasing young girl, about seventeen years old. She was extremely fond of her; no mother could be more devoted, and their affection for each other was a constant object of remark, so absorbing and genuine did it seem. Consequently is was with a shocked surprise that people heard that sister Emma had turned Fanny out of the house in the night.<ref>Ann Eliza Webb Young, ''Wife No. 19, or The story of a Life in Bondage'', 66.</ref>
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
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	====Did Fanny Alger have a child by Joseph Smith?====		{{CollapseHeaders
			\| title = ====Did Fanny Alger have a child by Joseph Smith?====
			\| state = closed
			\| content =
	=====A suggestion that Fanny was pregnant by Joseph surfaced in an 1886 anti-Mormon book with a claim that Emma "drove" Fanny out of the house=====		=====A suggestion that Fanny was pregnant by Joseph surfaced in an 1886 anti-Mormon book with a claim that Emma "drove" Fanny out of the house=====

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	Fawn Brodie, in her critical work ''No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith'', claimed that "there is some evidence that Fannie Alger bore Joseph a child in Kirtland."<ref>Fawn Brodie, ''No Man Knows My History''.</ref> However, DNA research in 2005 confirmed Fanny Alger’s son Orrison Smith is not the son of Joseph Smith, Jr.<ref>Ugo A. Perego, Natalie M. Myers, and Scott R. Woodward, "Reconstructing the Y-Chromosome of Joseph Smith Jr.: Genealogical Applications, ''Journal of Mormon History'' Vol. 32, No. 2 (Summer 2005) 70-88.</ref>		Fawn Brodie, in her critical work ''No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith'', claimed that "there is some evidence that Fannie Alger bore Joseph a child in Kirtland."<ref>Fawn Brodie, ''No Man Knows My History''.</ref> However, DNA research in 2005 confirmed Fanny Alger’s son Orrison Smith is not the son of Joseph Smith, Jr.<ref>Ugo A. Perego, Natalie M. Myers, and Scott R. Woodward, "Reconstructing the Y-Chromosome of Joseph Smith Jr.: Genealogical Applications, ''Journal of Mormon History'' Vol. 32, No. 2 (Summer 2005) 70-88.</ref>
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SpencerMarsh at 14:28, 25 February 2026

2026-02-25T14:28:11Z

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SpencerMarsh at 06:49, 20 February 2026

2026-02-20T06:49:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:49, 20 February 2026
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	<small>[[Polygamy Sandbox]] > <span style="color:#~~99B36C~~> Plural Marriage and Church Leaders' Underage Wives</small>		<small>[[Polygamy Sandbox]] > <span style="color:#7BB375"> Plural Marriage and Church Leaders' Underage Wives</small>
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