First Vision in the CES Letter - Revision history

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	~~==Question~~: ~~Were Joseph and Hyrum killed by John Taylor and Willard Richards?==~~		{{Navigation:CES Letter}}
	One theory about the martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith is that they were killed by John Taylor and Willard Richards, who were acting under the orders of Brigham Young. Those advancing this theory rely on their interpretation of evidence currently available about the martyrdom scene. However, this interpretation is inconsistent with widely accepted interpretations by most scholars and researchers. There are three primary reasons why this theory is untenable: (1) currently available evidence, (2) the relationship between Joseph Smith and other Church leaders, and (3) the evidence of the actual assassins.

	~~===Currently Available Evidence===~~
	Little physical evidence currently exists for what happened in the Carthage Jail. In the jail itself, "the only physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph and Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail are two bullet holes through the door of the jailer’s bedroom." We also have the clothing Hyrum wore when he was killed and the pocket watch he was carrying.<ref>Joseph L. Lyon, David W. Lyon, "[https://byustudies.byu.edu/article/physical-evidence-at-carthage-jail-and-what-it-reveals-about-the-assassination-of-joseph-and-hyrum-smith/ Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail and What It Reveals about the Assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith,]" ''BYU Studies Quarterly'' 47, no. 4 (2008): 4–50.</ref> Thus, everything else is based on witness descriptions and later recollections or renderings of the physical scene. We have two eyewitness testimonies of what occurred inside the room, and another eyewitness testimony of what occurred outside the jail.<ref>John Taylor and Willard Richards provided testimony of the interior, and a member of the mob who later joined the Church provided testimony of the exterior. See "Deaths of Joseph and Hyrum Smith," ''Church History Topics'', accessed January 22, 2023, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/history/topics/deaths-of-joseph-and-hyrum-smith.</ref> Their testimonies, currently existing physical evidence, and later recollections and renderings substantiate the accuracy of John Taylor's and Willard Richards' accounts. In-depth analyses are available in ''BYU Studies'', ''Mormon Historical Studies'', and ''Journal of Mormon History''.<ref>See Lyon and Lyon, "Physical Evidence"; Curtis G. Weber, "[https://ensignpeakfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Skulls-and-Crossed-Bones-A-Forensic-Study-of-the-Remains-of-Hyrum-and-Joseph-Smith.pdf Skulls and Crossed Bones? : A Forensic Study of the Remains of Hyrum and Joseph Smith]," ''Mormon Historical Studies'' 10, no. 2 (Fall 2009): 1–29; E. Gary Smith, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.45.4.0001 Blood, Bullets, Pistols, and Mobbers: A New Look at Solving a Carthage Jail Mystery]," ''Journal of Mormon History'' 45, no. 4 (October 2019): 1–37.</ref>

	~~===Relationship between Joseph Smith and Other Trusted Church Leaders===~~		{{Header}}
	In addition to current available evidence, proponents of this theory have to account for the relationship between Joseph and those closest to him, including Brigham Young, John Taylor, and Willard Richards. These leaders repeatedly testified of their love for Joseph and their despair that he was martyred. After the martyrdom, John Taylor wrote, "O give me back my Prophet dear, / And Patriarch, O give them back."<ref>"[https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/9575/rec/2 Poetry]," ''Times and Seasons'' 6, no. 14 (August 1, 1845).</ref> At a Church conference shortly after Joseph's death, Brigham Young said, "I feel to want to weep for 30 days." He also addressed "rumors that Joseph and Hyrum were not the only leaders targeted by anti-Mormon enemies: 'I don’t know whe[the]r theyll take my life,' he commented, and he confessed that he did not care, for 'I want to be with the man I love.'"<ref>Ronald K. Esplin, "[https://rsc.byu.edu/joseph-smith-prophet-man/discipleship-brigham-young-joseph-smith Discipleship: Brigham Young and Joseph Smith]," in ''Joseph Smith: The Prophet, the Man'', ed. Susan Easton Black and Charles D. Tate Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1993), 241–69.</ref>

	~~Any theory purporting that these leaders killed Joseph has to account for the abundant evidence of their love for Joseph. Thus, as noted by one observer, this theory has "a gaping hole . . .~~ the ~~question~~ of motive for Willard Richards and John Taylor killing Joseph and Hyrum. Anyone . . . might necessarily wonder why would Richards and Taylor want to kill Joseph and Hyrum? They might also ask whether there is any evidence to suggest that they believed they should do that."<ref>Hanna Seariac, "[https://publicsquaremag.org/faith/leadership/conspiracy-as-history-who-killed-joseph-smith-as-a-case-study/ Conspiracy as History: 'Who Killed Joseph Smith?' as a Case Study]," ''Public Square Magazine'', January 18, 2022.~~</ref> Contrary~~ to ~~the motive proposed by those who theorize that Taylor and Richards killed Joseph and Hyrum, we have substantial evidence that the martyrdom was carried out for the mob's own political~~ and religious reasons. This has been documented thoroughly by historian Joseph I. Bentley in ''BYU Studies''.<ref>Joseph I. Bentley, "[https://byustudies.byu.edu/article/road-to-martyrdom-joseph-smiths-last-legal-cases/ Road to ~~Martyrdom: Joseph Smith's Last Legal Cases]," ''BYU Studies Quarterly'' 55, no. 2 (2016): 8–73~~.~~</ref>~~		The CES Letter lists several concerns about the Book of Mormon. Below are links to various FAIR resources and other resources responding to each concern.

	==~~=The Evidence of the Actual Assassins=~~==		==Four Different Accounts==
	~~Finally, any theory about the martyrdom~~ of Joseph ~~and Hyrum has to account for the evidence~~ of the ~~actual assassins.~~ First~~, the actual assassins proclaimed themselves as having committed the act, as explained by historian Alex Smith:~~		*[[Accounts of Joseph Smith's First Vision]]
	~~<blockquote>~~		*[[Multiple accounts of the First Vision]]
	In the Warsaw Signal, editor Thomas Sharp publishes in the 10 July issue of 1844, an astonishing editorial titled “The Act and the Apology.” A spoiler alert: there’s not much apology in it. It’s mostly a justification of why we did this, and I believe in many ways it stands unparalleled in American history as a written explanation for why a community deemed vigilantism necessary. It’s basically saying, had you been us, you would have killed him too.<ref>[https://www.~~josephsmithpapers~~.org/~~articles~~/~~road~~-to-~~carthage~~-~~podcast~~-~~episode~~-~~4-transcript Episode 4~~: ~~“The Martyrdom,”~~] ~~in ''Road to Carthage: A Joseph Smith Papers Podcast'', josephsmithpapers.org.</ref>~~		*[https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/blog/2021/09/17/the-ces-letter-rebuttal-part-9 "CES Letter Rebuttal, Part 9: CES Letter First Vision Questions"]
	~~</blockquote>~~

	~~More evidence of the actual assassins comes from an 1845 trial. Nine men were charged with committing the murder~~ of ~~Joseph and Hyrum, and a trial was held. As explained by Dallin H. Oaks, who researched~~ the ~~trial:~~		==Contradictions==
	~~<blockquote>~~		*[[Multiple accounts of the First Vision]]
	~~There was ample evidence to convict all nine of the defendants. They were all present. They helped plan and bring the thing about and later bragged about it—ample evidence to convict them~~. ~~But they were all found not guilty~~. ~~It was a clear case where~~ the ~~law was against the defendants~~, but the facts of the case were approved by the jury. In other words, the jury wouldn’t convict someone of an obvious crime when the result of that crime was what the jurors desired. That was known as “jury nullification.”…		*[[Differences in First Vision accounts]]
			*[https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/blog/2021/09/17/the-ces-letter-rebuttal-part-9 "CES Letter Rebuttal, Part 9: CES Letter First Vision Questions"]

	~~Something that a principal defense attorney argued to~~ the ~~jury when all the evidence was in [was~~] ~~he said to the jury, essentially, these men are not guilty because they expressed the community desire to be rid of this man. That’s jury nullification in its rankest description.<ref>~~[https://www.~~josephsmithpapers~~.org/~~articles~~/~~road~~-to-~~carthage~~-~~podcast~~-~~episode~~-~~8-transcript Episode 8~~: ~~“A Conversation with Dallin H. Oaks and Richard E. Turley Jr.,”~~] ~~in ''Road to Carthage: A Joseph Smith Papers Podcast'', josephsmithpapers.org.</ref>~~		==Late Appearance==
	~~</blockquote>~~		*[[Multiple accounts of the First Vision]]
			*[https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/blog/2021/09/17/the-ces-letter-rebuttal-part-9 "CES Letter Rebuttal, Part 9: CES Letter First Vision Questions"]

	~~The trial and evidence is explored in detail~~ in the ~~book ''Carthage Conspiracy:~~ The ~~Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith''.<ref>Dallin H. Oaks~~ and ~~Marvin S. Hill, ''Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith'' (University of Illinois Press, 1979).</ref>~~		==Other Problems==
			*[[Multiple accounts of the First Vision]]
	~~===Further Reading/Viewing Content===~~		*[[Differences in First Vision accounts]]
	*~~Craig L. Foster, "~~[https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/blog/~~2022~~/01/18/~~what-weapon-was-joseph-smith-using-to-shoot-john-taylor-review-of-~~the-~~recent-film~~-~~who~~-~~killed~~-~~joseph~~-~~smith What weapon was Joseph Smith using to shoot John Taylor? – Review of the recent film, 'Who Killed Joseph Smith?'],~~" ~~''FAIR Blog''~~, ~~January 18, 2022.~~		*[[Events leading to the First Vision]]
	*"~~[https://mormonr.org/qnas/BxkBU/joseph_and_hyrum_smiths_martyrdom Joseph & Hyrum Smith's Martyrdom~~]~~," ''Mormonr''.~~		*[[The First Vision and doctrine]]
			*[https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/blog/2021/09/17/the-ces-letter-rebuttal-part-9 "CES Letter Rebuttal, Part 9: CES Letter First Vision Questions"]
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	~~<embedvideo service="youtube">v=FzLlziGcZ9M</embedvideo>~~

	~~<embedvideo service="youtube">v=ZDtn67PCYDo</embedvideo>~~

	~~{{endnotes sources}}~~

DavidSmith: DavidSmith moved page Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Whitney letter to Joseph Smith's letter to the Whitney family: content consolidation

2023-11-09T18:42:08Z

DavidSmith moved page Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Whitney letter to Joseph Smith's letter to the Whitney family: content consolidation

New page

__NoTOC__
==Question: Were Joseph and Hyrum killed by John Taylor and Willard Richards?==
One theory about the martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum Smith is that they were killed by John Taylor and Willard Richards, who were acting under the orders of Brigham Young. Those advancing this theory rely on their interpretation of evidence currently available about the martyrdom scene. However, this interpretation is inconsistent with widely accepted interpretations by most scholars and researchers. There are three primary reasons why this theory is untenable: (1) currently available evidence, (2) the relationship between Joseph Smith and other Church leaders, and (3) the evidence of the actual assassins.

===Currently Available Evidence===
Little physical evidence currently exists for what happened in the Carthage Jail. In the jail itself, "the only physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph and Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail are two bullet holes through the door of the jailer’s bedroom." We also have the clothing Hyrum wore when he was killed and the pocket watch he was carrying.<ref>Joseph L. Lyon, David W. Lyon, "[https://byustudies.byu.edu/article/physical-evidence-at-carthage-jail-and-what-it-reveals-about-the-assassination-of-joseph-and-hyrum-smith/ Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail and What It Reveals about the Assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith,]" ''BYU Studies Quarterly'' 47, no. 4 (2008): 4–50.</ref> Thus, everything else is based on witness descriptions and later recollections or renderings of the physical scene. We have two eyewitness testimonies of what occurred inside the room, and another eyewitness testimony of what occurred outside the jail.<ref>John Taylor and Willard Richards provided testimony of the interior, and a member of the mob who later joined the Church provided testimony of the exterior. See "Deaths of Joseph and Hyrum Smith," ''Church History Topics'', accessed January 22, 2023, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/history/topics/deaths-of-joseph-and-hyrum-smith.</ref> Their testimonies, currently existing physical evidence, and later recollections and renderings substantiate the accuracy of John Taylor's and Willard Richards' accounts. In-depth analyses are available in ''BYU Studies'', ''Mormon Historical Studies'', and ''Journal of Mormon History''.<ref>See Lyon and Lyon, "Physical Evidence"; Curtis G. Weber, "[https://ensignpeakfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Skulls-and-Crossed-Bones-A-Forensic-Study-of-the-Remains-of-Hyrum-and-Joseph-Smith.pdf Skulls and Crossed Bones? : A Forensic Study of the Remains of Hyrum and Joseph Smith]," ''Mormon Historical Studies'' 10, no. 2 (Fall 2009): 1–29; E. Gary Smith, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/jmormhist.45.4.0001 Blood, Bullets, Pistols, and Mobbers: A New Look at Solving a Carthage Jail Mystery]," ''Journal of Mormon History'' 45, no. 4 (October 2019): 1–37.</ref>

===Relationship between Joseph Smith and Other Trusted Church Leaders===
In addition to current available evidence, proponents of this theory have to account for the relationship between Joseph and those closest to him, including Brigham Young, John Taylor, and Willard Richards. These leaders repeatedly testified of their love for Joseph and their despair that he was martyred. After the martyrdom, John Taylor wrote, "O give me back my Prophet dear, / And Patriarch, O give them back."<ref>"[https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/NCMP1820-1846/id/9575/rec/2 Poetry]," ''Times and Seasons'' 6, no. 14 (August 1, 1845).</ref> At a Church conference shortly after Joseph's death, Brigham Young said, "I feel to want to weep for 30 days." He also addressed "rumors that Joseph and Hyrum were not the only leaders targeted by anti-Mormon enemies: 'I don’t know whe[the]r theyll take my life,' he commented, and he confessed that he did not care, for 'I want to be with the man I love.'"<ref>Ronald K. Esplin, "[https://rsc.byu.edu/joseph-smith-prophet-man/discipleship-brigham-young-joseph-smith Discipleship: Brigham Young and Joseph Smith]," in ''Joseph Smith: The Prophet, the Man'', ed. Susan Easton Black and Charles D. Tate Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1993), 241–69.</ref>

Any theory purporting that these leaders killed Joseph has to account for the abundant evidence of their love for Joseph. Thus, as noted by one observer, this theory has "a gaping hole . . . the question of motive for Willard Richards and John Taylor killing Joseph and Hyrum. Anyone . . . might necessarily wonder why would Richards and Taylor want to kill Joseph and Hyrum? They might also ask whether there is any evidence to suggest that they believed they should do that."<ref>Hanna Seariac, "[https://publicsquaremag.org/faith/leadership/conspiracy-as-history-who-killed-joseph-smith-as-a-case-study/ Conspiracy as History: 'Who Killed Joseph Smith?' as a Case Study]," ''Public Square Magazine'', January 18, 2022.</ref> Contrary to the motive proposed by those who theorize that Taylor and Richards killed Joseph and Hyrum, we have substantial evidence that the martyrdom was carried out for the mob's own political and religious reasons. This has been documented thoroughly by historian Joseph I. Bentley in ''BYU Studies''.<ref>Joseph I. Bentley, "[https://byustudies.byu.edu/article/road-to-martyrdom-joseph-smiths-last-legal-cases/ Road to Martyrdom: Joseph Smith's Last Legal Cases]," ''BYU Studies Quarterly'' 55, no. 2 (2016): 8–73.</ref>

===The Evidence of the Actual Assassins===
Finally, any theory about the martyrdom of Joseph and Hyrum has to account for the evidence of the actual assassins. First, the actual assassins proclaimed themselves as having committed the act, as explained by historian Alex Smith:
<blockquote>
In the Warsaw Signal, editor Thomas Sharp publishes in the 10 July issue of 1844, an astonishing editorial titled “The Act and the Apology.” A spoiler alert: there’s not much apology in it. It’s mostly a justification of why we did this, and I believe in many ways it stands unparalleled in American history as a written explanation for why a community deemed vigilantism necessary. It’s basically saying, had you been us, you would have killed him too.<ref>[https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/articles/road-to-carthage-podcast-episode-4-transcript Episode 4: “The Martyrdom,”] in ''Road to Carthage: A Joseph Smith Papers Podcast'', josephsmithpapers.org.</ref>
</blockquote>

More evidence of the actual assassins comes from an 1845 trial. Nine men were charged with committing the murder of Joseph and Hyrum, and a trial was held. As explained by Dallin H. Oaks, who researched the trial:
<blockquote>
There was ample evidence to convict all nine of the defendants. They were all present. They helped plan and bring the thing about and later bragged about it—ample evidence to convict them. But they were all found not guilty. It was a clear case where the law was against the defendants, but the facts of the case were approved by the jury. In other words, the jury wouldn’t convict someone of an obvious crime when the result of that crime was what the jurors desired. That was known as “jury nullification.”…

Something that a principal defense attorney argued to the jury when all the evidence was in [was] he said to the jury, essentially, these men are not guilty because they expressed the community desire to be rid of this man. That’s jury nullification in its rankest description.<ref>[https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/articles/road-to-carthage-podcast-episode-8-transcript Episode 8: “A Conversation with Dallin H. Oaks and Richard E. Turley Jr.,”] in ''Road to Carthage: A Joseph Smith Papers Podcast'', josephsmithpapers.org.</ref>
</blockquote>

The trial and evidence is explored in detail in the book ''Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith''.<ref>Dallin H. Oaks and Marvin S. Hill, ''Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith'' (University of Illinois Press, 1979).</ref>

===Further Reading/Viewing Content===
*Craig L. Foster, "[https://www.fairlatterdaysaints.org/blog/2022/01/18/what-weapon-was-joseph-smith-using-to-shoot-john-taylor-review-of-the-recent-film-who-killed-joseph-smith What weapon was Joseph Smith using to shoot John Taylor? – Review of the recent film, 'Who Killed Joseph Smith?']," ''FAIR Blog'', January 18, 2022.
*"[https://mormonr.org/qnas/BxkBU/joseph_and_hyrum_smiths_martyrdom Joseph & Hyrum Smith's Martyrdom]," ''Mormonr''.

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{{endnotes sources}}